How to Find the Best Research Paper Sites

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Research Paper Topics of Management

<h1>Research Paper Topics of Management</h1><p>Many business educators would suggest the utilization of the Research Paper subject for their courses. For what reason would it be a good idea for them to? The most compelling motivation is that it can show the understudies how much effect their own work has had in the realm of business.</p><p></p><p>This is an extraordinary technique to find out about such points. The best part is, you can pick the ones that will help you when your course reaches a conclusion. There are a great deal of significant themes for a profession in the executives to cover. In any case, it very well may be a decent method to expand your insight into the significant business principles.</p><p></p><p>One of the most intriguing points is the Economics and Business. You can take courses that go over how rivalry and the requirement for effectiveness in business are significant pieces of an economy. You can likewise remember a significant segment for the political frameworks, the media, and the manners by which various societies impact each other's business.</p><p></p><p>Your courses may likewise show you the distinction between Corporate Dynamics and Organizational Dynamics. This can be a significant component to the activity advertise as organizations make new associations consistently to develop their organizations. You can likewise find out about development, a key part of any business. At last, you can get a balanced gander at different parts of the economy, including fund, producing, and trade.</p><p></p><p>Any proficient who needs to be fruitful in their business profession must have a decent information on business. In the event that you don't have it, at that point taking a Research Paper course can assist you with beginning. The incredible thing about courses like this is you will be working close by an educator that is a w orkforce member.</p><p></p><p>It is actually no big surprise that such a large number of business teachers are presently suggesting the utilization of the Research Paper as an approach to show courses on the web. Sincethis sort obviously requires just around 30 minutes every week, it can fit into your timetable. The teachers are very much prepared and experienced to assist you with improving the abilities you have to prevail in your present place of employment. For whatever length of time that you pay for the expense, it is genuinely a beneficial investment.</p><p></p><p>These courses are intended to show all of you the financial aspects and business that are found in the significant segments of the economy, and afterward show you how everything connects to each other. There are a lot of incredible courses online that are a decent method to begin. So on the off chance that you are keen on getting increasingly out of your vocation, at t hat point you might need to consider putting resources into this kind of course.</p>

It is Never Too Late to Reduce Your Credit Card Debt - Find Out Why an APA Report Can Save You Money

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How to Write the Graduate Admissions Essay

How to Write the Graduate Admissions EssayWriting the Graduate Admissions Essay is not an easy task. Most students find it really challenging, as it involves opening up and telling all about the person you are trying to convince for an admission to a good college or university. The writing of this particular essay can take many hours, depending on how complex your subject is.Before starting on the graduate admissions essay, however, it is advisable to have a general idea of what the student is going to write about. Ideally, you should have a basic knowledge about the school's strengths and weaknesses, what attracts other applicants to it, and what potential it has for being successful in the future. A little knowledge about the school can go a long way towards getting through the essay successfully.The first step towards writing the graduate admissions essay is having a good idea of the type of college you want to go to. A good tip when this question comes to mind is to see what admi ssions officer you will be dealing with. Do you know which school would be suitable for your personality? Of course, not all students make the best choices but having a general idea of the school does help.The second step towards writing the graduate admissions essay is to come up with a topic that allows you to present the pros and cons about the school. With this in mind, you can start brainstorming ideas that can be used to present your side of the story.Another step towards writing the graduate admissions essay is to analyze what you already know about the school. Focus on areas that can help you present an eye-catching paragraph to the admissions officer. As long as the paragraphs are clear and informative, the admissions officer will be impressed and will agree with your written opinion about the school.When it comes to writing the graduate admissions essay, most students tend to believe that the key to writing a winning one lies in their own style. Nothing could be further fr om the truth. The best way to write a graduate admissions essay is to come up with a document that is grammatically correct, yet still informative and persuasive. Be sure to have a college English teacher, a high school English teacher, or even a college professor critique your writing.Writing the graduate admissions essay is a lot more complex than it seems. It's important to realize that the admissions officer has probably gone through this process before. So he or she will have experienced exactly what to do and how to do it, making the entire process that much easier.If you feel like you need some extra help writing the graduate admissions essay, the National Scholarship Week, which is sponsored by the University of Michigan, offers free advice on how to write the graduate admissions essay. You can take advantage of this as well to sharpen your skills.

Hire Professional Business Writing Services

Hire Professional Business Writing ServicesIt is quite important for entrepreneurs and business owners to hire a professional business writing services to assist them in the formulating their business plan. A business plan can be very helpful if you have the marketing skills, capital to make your dreams come true, and a mind to realize it. However, you must be able to write and present it effectively to convince your prospects of your ideas.The Internet can be your best source of information about professional business writing services. There are a lot of businesses online and business owners need professional help from their associates in order to have an efficient marketing campaign and drive traffic to their sites. As a business owner, you must be able to accomplish all these tasks in order to achieve success and eventually make your business as successful as possible. A business plan and a professional business writing service will be able to help you achieve all these goals.For a business owner, creating a business plan will be one of the most important tasks that you must complete. If you fail to plan properly, you will never have a plan that will serve you well. Business owners must know where to get help when it comes to this task because if you do not seek assistance, you will never be able to get help from a business expert or writer.It is a good idea to start by getting referrals from people who know about the benefits of doing business with a person who offers writing services. You may also contact people who know about the professional writers and ask for their opinions about the firms and those who provide business writing services.If you want to find a good service provider, make sure you look for a professional writer who can write articles that are related to your business. It is also important to ensure that the article that you get is written in a concise and clear manner.As mentioned earlier, if you hire a writer, you must find someone who c an write articles in a manner that is informative and understandable to your business owners. You must find someone who will be able to bring forth the best out of your business. You can use the Internet to get a list of those who have an excellent service record and who will be able to give you quality articles to write.Professional business writing services can help you create a marketing plan and market your products and services. The market is always changing and it can become a business owner's nightmare to keep up with the latest trends and give the business owner their due. If you don't take advantage of the newest trends and understand the technology behind it, you will never be able to make money online.

Women 100 Years Ago and Women Today Free Essays

Loftus 1 How Religion Has Affected My Life I’ve been going to church with my grandparents for as long as I can remember. I’ve always been a part of church related activities. We always said grace before we ate a meal. We will write a custom essay sample on Women 100 Years Ago and Women Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now I said my prayers before I went to bed. I was baptized when I was born. I had my first communion. I was a very religious little kid and I always had God in my life. Of course, I only did all those things because I thought I was supposed to. I just thought it was something that everybody in the world did. But, as I got older I learned that it was all just a part of my religion. I also learned that not everyone had the same religion as I did. There were many different religions. There were even some people that didn’t have a religion. Once I realized all of those things, I started asking questions. Why was I catholic? Why did I have to go to church every Sunday? Why is it so important? I asked my grandmother these questions and her only response was, â€Å"It’s because Jesus died on the cross for us. † But I still had the question lingering in my head: Why? My mother and father never went to church with us. My mom would drop us off a religion classes but that was about it. When I asked my mom why she’d never gone to with us she had said, â€Å"I don’t believe that you have to go to church every Sunday to show your appreciation for God. † That really had me thinking, if my mom and dad never went, did I really have to go? I certainly didn’t like sitting in the cold for an hour listening to people singing terribly and other people talking about things I never understood. Always standing up and sitting down every couple of Loftus 2 minutes. It got very old, very fast. By the time I was a teenager, I got really tired of the same old thing. That’s when it all started. At the age of thirteen all I wanted to do was hang out with my friends. They weren’t the best of people but they accepted me and that’s all I cared about. I started being more like them. Wearing all black, doing my make up really heavily, smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, experimenting with drugs. I turned into the complete antithesis of the girl I was when I was younger. My family definitely started to notice. My mom and dad said it was just a phase but my grandmother thought I was starting to become a â€Å"devil worshiper†. She orced me to go to church with them. I was forced to go to religion class. I got the you-need-Jesus-in-your-life talk every time I was around my grandma. That is when I really started to resent everything that had to do with my religion. My grandmother had pushed me to my breaking point. I didn’t want anything to do with God or Jesus. When asked, I always told people I didn’t have a re ligion. I was against it. I refused to go to church or religion class. I stopped saying grace before I ate. I stopped saying prayers before I went to sleep. I even stopped believing there was a God. This caused a lot of tension between my grandmother and I. We never saw eye to eye on anything. We were always arguing over something. She always told me that she never thought she’d have a granddaughter like me. She expected me to be more of a lady. I couldn’t stand being around her. I didn’t tell her anything. She had forced religion on me to the point that I didn’t want to have a religion anymore. It even caused me to think I hated her. You could only imagine how much harder it got once my mom lost our house and we had to move into my grandparent’s house. I got so angry when my mom told me the news. All I wanted to do was scream. The thought of having to see my grandma every single day was terrifying. My life had gotten significantly more tough Loftus 3 at that point. When we moved in, I stayed in my room all the time. If I wasn’t in my room, I was either at school or out with my friends. When dinner was ready I ate with my head down. Not speaking to or looking at anyone. My mom caught on real quickly. I remember one night she pulled me into her bedroom after dinner and asked me why I was acting so strangely. I poured my heart out and told her everything I was going through. She told me, â€Å"You need to stop hating your grandmother. She is getting older and her health is declining. She won’t be here one day and you’re going to regret not having a good relationship with her. You don’t have to go to church every Sunday. You don’t even need to go to religion class. You just need to respect the fact that your grandmother is just leading you by example. That’s how she was raised. So, you need to stop getting angry at her and you need to start building a better relationship with her. That is the night that things got better. Every time I want to get angry with my grandma I remember what my mom told me and I haven’t gotten angry with her since. I never got my faith back and there are still some things I can’t tell my grandmother due to her being so religious. I would love to tell her that I’m engaged but, I can’t because I’ m a homosexual and I’m sure she’d disown me. But despite that, my grandmother and I are now on good terms. We talk on the phone more often since I moved away and I plan on visiting her whenever I make my trips back home. How to cite Women 100 Years Ago and Women Today, Essay examples

Thinking about research in Gentrification An Examination of Positivism and Structuralism Essay Example

Thinking about research in Gentrification: An Examination of Positivism and Structuralism Paper Geography is the study of the earths landscapes, peoples, places and environments. It is quite simply the world in which we live (RGS). Literature aimed at enhancing our knowledge of these social and physical processes is fundamentally based on philosophical assumptions inherent in the research. Indeed it is impossible to conduct a successful piece of research without making certain philosophical choices (Graham in Flowerdew and Martin, 2005). These philosophical positions have a significant bearing on the research question, the evaluation of theory, the choice of appropriate methodologies and most crucially the interpretation of results (Holt-Jenson, 1999). As a consequence the research is shaped by its philosophical foundation and it is therefore fundamental to any research project. The paper aims to promote awareness of the range of philosophical positions which may be seen to represent different epistemologies and ontologys. This will be achieved through critically evaluating four different empirical studies on gentrification. While some authors are overt in their philosophical position, many are implicit, in that there are philosophical guidelines but these are not overtly recognised and instead form part of the researchers taken for granted world (Johnson, 1986). By explicitly questioning the epistemological and ontological positions which underpin the research, it takes the research into a different realm and also situates the research in the history of geographic thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about research in Gentrification: An Examination of Positivism and Structuralism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about research in Gentrification: An Examination of Positivism and Structuralism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about research in Gentrification: An Examination of Positivism and Structuralism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I wish then to highlight and contrast these approaches in order to render them explicit. The central element in any philosophy is its epistemology which refers to the theory of knowledge and the fundamental epistemological question of how we know what we know. In epistemology one strives to generate truthful and justified descriptions and explanations of the world. Associated with epistemology is the philosophical framework of ontology, which Johnston (1986) describes as the nature of being, existence and reality, or what can be known. The manner in which we answer the question of what exists determines what can be accepted as fact and thus is the basis of every investigation. The divergent epistemologies and ontologys together inform the methodologies for any piece of research, which, in turn, must be appropriate to the questions or problems that prompt the research enterprise (Graham in Flowerdew and Martin, 2005). Methodology is defined as a a set of rules and procedures which indicate how research and argument are to be constructed: how information can be collected and organised (Johnston, 1986). The methodology enables the accumulation of a store of knowledge which can be accepted as valid because it was collected within the boundaries of coherent epistemologies and ontologys. This in itself also has a moral element to it, as the goal is not simply to add to knowledge but to change the world and society for the better (Graham in Flowerdew and Martin, 2005) Acknowledgement of the different epistemological and ontological assumptions and methodological approaches they entail is particularly fundamental in the literature surrounding gentrification and cannot be ignored. The preoccupation with gentrification during much of the 1970s and 80s has been described as a major research frontier (Hamnett, 1991) and can be explained primarily because gentrification represented one of the key theoretical and ideological battlegrounds in urban geography, and indeed human geography as a whole (Hamnett, 1991). It was this contrast within theoretical explanation which encouraged many scholars to the study of gentrification and the different epistemological and ontological assumptions it evokes. Hamnett (1991) collapses this broad set of philosophical positions (each emphasising radically different theories and explanations) into two competing sets, between the liberal humanists who stress the role of choice, culture, consumption and consumer demand and the structural Marxist who stress the role of capital, class, production and supply. However, such a view has been criticised for over simplifying the debate (Smith, 1982) to the neglect of a number of other identifiable epistemological positions being advanced within the study of gentrification. These include feminism (Blondi, 1991), post-modernism (Rose, 1984) and post-structuralism (Mills, 1993) to name a few (In Martin Phillips, 2002). This vast array of alternative epistemologies has caused an increasing range of conceptualizations of what constitutes gentrification (Phillips, 2001). One response to such a broad plethora of ontologies and epistemologies has led to Rose (1984) to label gentrification as a chaotic concept and argue for it to be an urgent research priority to disaggregate this concept as it includes a wide variety of different categories which should be explored separately. Furthermore, this work led many geographers to question some of the concepts within geography, and in particular, the positivist approach which was dominating geography at the time (Phillips, 2005). The debates has come a long way since its ignition in the early 1980s. The major outcome of this debate is that it served to crystallise many of the epistemological perspectives and forced researchers to look much more explicitly at the philosophical foundations of their work. This debate has changed our understanding of what geography is and thus the ways in which research is approached. This debate is highly complex and theoretical and a detailed synopsis shall not be attempted here. However, it is important to recognise how different philosophical assumptions are fundamental to the research and can cause vastly different claims to knowledge. This essay will examine the assumptions of the structural Marxists and positivist epistemologies and ontologys. Positivism is a philosophy of science developed by August Comte. This philosophy follows the belief of the supremacy of science as the only form of knowledge. Although this philosophy was born of the natural sciences, it has also very influential in the field of social research as well. Positivism is based on an objectivist epistemology. It approaches knowledge with the view that the world is a structured place independent from human existence, and observations through direct sensory experience form the way of constituting knowledge of that world. The adequacy of this knowledge is determined through replication of the research, through rigorous testing of theories that can be falsified through repeated observation. The ontology follows that only what is directly observable (and measurable) can be accepted as evidence (Johnston, 1986). Positive methodology is thus primarily quantitative in nature, although qualitative studies do exist. The studies use replicable experiments to rigorously test hypothesis and enable empirical generalisations, this enables the accumulated Knowledge through identifying empirical regularities which are used to create theories and scientific laws. The second philosophical position is Structuralism. Associated with mainly Marxist traditions, structuralism is in part derived self-consciously in response to many of the shortcomings of positivism. Structuralism is defined as the study of the theory of the processes and structural forces that underlie and determine empirical events (Holt-Jenson, 1999). The structuralist epistemologies is that the world of observations yields knowledge of surface appearances but are inadequate at revealing the general structures which underpin all phenomena and observations. These underlying structures are not directly observable, so instead valid knowledge is generated through identifying from the observable features of a given historically specific phenomenon, the essential underlying mechanisms which themselves inform the reconstruction of the surface appearances (McLean, 2002). These underlying structures provide understandings of our experience within that society. It is therefore necessary to have an ontological distinction between the surface observations and the underlying reality that cannot be observed directly but only through thought (Johnston, 1986). The methodology aims to identify underlying structures through empirical observation followed by the construction of theories that can account for what is observed but cannot be tested directly as evidence for their existence is not available. The articles chosen use a more specific epistemology of structural Marxism which forms part of the literature referred to by Johnston (1986) as structure of processes. Marxism aims to understand how the mechanism of the economic base are gradually changed in dialectical processes between society and individual agents (Holt-Jensen, 2005). This position recognises the social constitution of the human subject, assuming that actors themselves have no say, and individuals are merely puppets who are manipulated by the economic mechanisms (Hoyt-Jensen, 1999). The different practical outworking of each philosophical position will become obvious as the two empirical papers are compared below. The first two papers are from a positivist perspective. The first paper is by Wyly and Hammel, (1998). Modelling the context and contingency of gentrification. The second is Bostic and Martin (2003) Black Home-owners as a gentrifying Force? Neighbourhood Dynamics in the context of Minority Home-ownership. Although these two perspectives are discrete in their philosophical position the articles are inherently and unmistakably positivistic in nature. The second two articles are from a structualist perspective and both by the same author, Neil Smith, who was prolific in the much of the theoretical debates intertwined with the study of gentrification. The first structuralist article was extremely influential, Towards a theory of gentrification: a back to the city movement by capital, not people, (1979). The second is Of Yuppies and housing: gentrification, social restructuring, and the urban dream (1987). Both approaches are inherently self aware of their philosophical positions. The first article has adopted certain aspects of Marxist thought (particularly those related to the economic workings of a capitalist society), however the article has not embraced a full Marxist approach. This approach has been criticised for separating production and consumption (emphasised throughout the article) which Marxist writing maintains are inseparably linked. As a result the second article (1987) attempts to integrate the two, although it gives presidents the former. Positivism and Structuralism form fundamentally different epistemological and ontological perspectives and consequently take different approaches to the topic. The first article (Wyle and Hammel, 1998) define gentrification is as relating to changes in class structure to conspicuous housing investment and new consumption patterns in the built environment. The second article (Bostic and Martin, 2003) describing gentrification as being characterised as a neighbourhood evolutionary process with an influx of new affluent, young households which displace original residents. Both definitions entail a positivist ontology of a reality which can be defined, categorised and measured and which exist objectively. Thus the articles epistemology is objectivist, research measures surface phenomenon which are separate from the subjectivity of the researcher. This is inherent throughout the articles and explicitly stated in the second (Bostic and Martin), 2003: the paper uses a straightforward, independent objective approach (Pp. 2447) The first paper objectively measures signs of reinvestment that typically precede in tandem with gentrification processes. The second article maintains that these neighbourhood characteristics (which define gentrification) are observable by viewing the correlation between gentrification and neighbourhoods growth of black home ownership in a historical context. Positivism holds that the only claim to knowledge is that which is empirically viable as such both articles demonstrate methodologies in adherence with the scientific method. The data, from the census statistics, is purely quantitative in nature. The analysis is based on statistical testing against hypothesis in order to verify the results. The hypothesis is stated in both articles, in the first (Wyly and Hammel, 1998), the null hypothesis is: gentrified neighbourhoods are not a distinct neighbourhood type (pp. 305). This is analysed using models and multivariate statistical methods to permit a rigorous quantitative assessment (pp. 06) of the degree to which the gentrified neighbourhoods have developed significantly different neighbourhoods in relation to surrounding urban neighbourhoods. In the second paper (Bostic and Martin, 2003) the working hypothesis is minority households have been a gentrifying force in the US (pp. 2438). Regression analysis is used to test whether Black home -owners were attracted to gentrifying census tracts, and enable them to state that A comparison of the statistics provides an indication that Black home-owners have been a gentrifying force. Thus, in both cases the statistical analysis enables them to accept the alternative hypothesis. The scientific method used in the research also aims to be ensure generality and be repeatable, as demonstrated in the first article, (Wyly and Hammel, 1998) the technique must be generalizable and replicable to facilitate comparison among cities and time periods (pp. 315). In order for it to be accepted by the scientific community as a whole (Johnston, 1986). Contrary to the first two articles the structural Marxist approach takes as axiomatic a broad Marxist position in defining gentrification and class. Smith first paper identifies gentrification to be a structural product of the land and housing market. The second paper (1986) aims to identify the influence of new middle class on gentrification, defining class according to peoples relation to the means of production. Therefore the ontologys (positivism and structuralism) share communality in that each assert that the social world, and more specifically the process of gentrification are identifiable fields of social reality. However, structuralism makes an ontological distinction between the surface observations and the reality which structures such appearances. For example in first article (Smith 1979) the underlying mechanism is found in the theoretical formulation of the rent gap. This Smith claims this is able to explains and predict the surface observations : If the rent gap is correct, it would be expected that rehabilitation began where the rent gap was greatest Empirically this seems to have been the case. However the theory is itself not directly observable, thus, it is formed through the abstracting from the empirical evidence. The structural Marxist methods for gathering data do not differ from those of positivism, as both articles use empirical observations. The first of Smiths articles (1979) uses a case study of society hill in Philadelphia (supported by data from Baltimore and Washington), from data sampled from case files by the redevelopment authority in Philadelphia. From this a statistical breakdown is performed. Additionally he uses economic observations from property value, sale price, conceptualised ground rent and potential ground rent. The second article uses slightly more detailed empirical data derived from census data from a total of twenty-four census tracts from which statistical analysis is performed to provide evidence for the existence of the new middle class and the changing social roles of women in causing gentrification. Different value is given to these empirical evidence to that of the positivist methodology, this is due to the structuralist epistemology that knowledge is produced not through the accumulation of evidence but by the development of theories. Consequently the evidence is evaluated in theoretical terms (Smith, 1987) this is very different from the positivist approach which is based on empirical observations and hypothesis testing of correlations found in the results. As a consequence, by unquestionably accepting as a given the observable reality the positivist claims to knowledge are very different from the conceptions of the structural Marxists (which is in itself a criticism of positivism). Both structuralism articles unlike positivism do not use clearly stated testable hypothesis, rather they submit the empirical data to interpretations. The structuralist approach maintains this is not the place to attempt a comprehensive empirical investigation, but will provide statistical documentation of the role of women in gentrification (Smith, 1987 pp. 57). Referring to his results Smith (1987) states that correlation is not causation, and this should not blind us to less visible but more truncated effects. Instead Smith aims to identify through theoretical debates and abstractions from the evidence the mechanisms which explain the occurrence of gentrification, which is found in the rent gap (in the first article) and political and structural changes i n the labour market and in styles and modes of reproduction which have loosened previously oppressive social bonds (the second article). The identification of these theories have power in explaining and predict surface observations and thus explaining gentrification. Another crucial difference is that where positivism aimed to generalise its results, the structural Marxist articles acknowledges the importance of distinctive times and space to each of the levels of social construction. This is recognised by Smith (1987) who states. Whether these findings are replicable in other cities or whether New York City is in this as in other respects unique remain to be shown (pp. 158). These article maintain that mechanisms themselves are not fixed but rather social products created by societies as means of organising the reproduction of human life (Johnston 2000). It is also important to recognise the structural Marxist understanding of the social constitution of the human subject. Both articles doubt that social life can be explained in terms of unbounded capacities of human agency. By way of comparison, it is useful to contrast this perspective to the humanist work emphasising the changes in the social and spatial divisions of labour and the supply of potential gentrifiers (Ley, 1978). Humanism was in part created in response to positivisms, which has no room for human agency. Indeed structuralism maintains a profound suspicion of humanism. Smith contests this notion instead emphasising the role of producers; the relationship between production and consumption is symbiotic, but it is a symbiosis in which production dominates (pp. 540). He sees gentrifiers as merely the passive handmaidens of capitalists requirement (Hamnett, 1991). This polarisation of theoretical perspective is debated at length by Hamnett (1991). This serves to demonstrate firstly the distinctive structural Marxist perspective, and secondly how the different approached produce fundamentally different claims to knowledge. In the process of producing claims to knowledge some believe there is a ethical dimension, not simply to add to research but to improve the scientific explanations and change the world for the better (Flowerdew and Martin 2005). Both positivist papers aim to improve the discipline, this is demonstrated in the second article, An important contribution of the current work is the development methods for identifying gentrification neighbourhoods marking a departure from much of the extant literature enhancing the ability of future research on gentrification (pp. 2447). This clearly demonstrate the authors considered effort to produce action-orientated knowledge from this research, which are made explicit from the start. The structuralist article take an oppositionist ethical stance to that of positivism. The difference is demonstrated by Harvey (1973, in Holt-Jensen, 1999) who stated that positivism simply seeks to understand the world whereas Marxism seeks to change it this expresses political and ethical aims inherent in Marxism. In Smiths second article he emphasises the bifurcation of the consumption dream, producing a city of haves and have-nots the yuppies and mushrooming gentrification and the burgeoning homeless (pp. 170). Thus the approach, in seeking to identify the structures that constrain peoples lives, thus enable people to change them. The presentation of the research is also influenced by the philosophical positions. The body of the text in both positivist articles have clearly defined conventions, following an standard scientific way of reporting experiments. The structural Marxist articles also followed logically from the initial presentation of observation to the final conclusion, however, the articles are less formally structured and more theoretical, building on the past work and shaping the abstract interpretations into theoretical knowledge. The presentation of data is represented far more explicitly in the positivist articles. For example, in the first positivist paper Wyly and Hamel (1998), tables occupy five pages and forms a much more central role in the body of the text itself, where it is reviewed in detail within lengthy results sections. This is because empirical analysis form an integral part of the methodology and in reaching verifiable conclusions. In contrast, the structural Marxist approach presents tables and data far more subtly with only two very small and uncomplicated tables presented in each article. Although the empirical observation are important to producing claims to knowledge, the research is not aimed to be replicable and verifiable, and as such data forms a less central part in convincing the reader to the validity of the article. The neat philosophical characterizations presented in this essay should not obscure the rather blurred conceptions prevalent within the topic of gentrification and social science as a whole. In reality a vast amount of diversity and disagreement is prevalent within each. The presentation of these two philosophical perspectives and how they generate knowledge is obviously a simplistic representation of the work on gentrification. The analysis has demonstrated the substantial commonality between Positivism and structural Marxism. These two philosophical positions share much more than their interest in generating knowledge about gentrification, each maintain that the social world is real and that the progressive accumulation of knowledge about that reality is possible. It follows then, in each philosophy that the researchers enjoys a privileged status in comparison to their research subjects. However within each philosophy are fundamental differences, which are often actively contested, as each set of assumptions speak an fundamentally different language they have trouble understanding or at least recognising the legitimacy the each others alternative expiations. I would argue with Rose (1984) that the study of gentrification should not be solely reliant on the assumptions of the positive perspective. Nor should research be so narrowly conceived on Marxist work. By doing so is to make epistemological and methodological errors which both truncate and distort our understanding of gentrification (Rose, 1984). It should be recognised that there is no single correct epistemological position or mode of explanation, rather each position has benefits and flaws which hold particular values to the study of geography. Finally, and most importantly, the essay has served to emphasise that the practice of research cannot be divorced from questions of philosophy (Graham in Flowerdew and Martin, 2005). The implications of these philosophical underpinnings make it hugely important to provide careful considerations of the fundamental epistemological and ontological assumptions in the way the research question is framed. The two philosophical positions informed dramatically different methods and consequently (as demonstrated using these articles) create extremely different claims to knowledge. Furthermore these assumptions provided, in part, the justification of the research questions. Crucially for ones own future research it is essential these positions are made explicit to ensure a coherent epistemological stance.