Literacy, Opportunity, And Economic Change - 956 Words

This critique will be of chapter one of the book Literacy in American Lives. The author of this book is Dr. Deborah Brandt, a professor of English at Wisconsin Madison University and her main focus in Literacy in American Lives is to study about how people have learned to read, how they use their ability to read, and how literacy learning changes with time. In this first chapter â€Å"Literacy, Opportunity, and Economic Change†, Brandt focuses on how economic change can affect the value of literacy, and the impact that this change in the value of literacy has in the lives of two farm women from Wisconsin. For the main evidence of her work in chapter one Brandt goes into the personal stories of two women by which she has given the names Martha Day and Barbara Hunt. Martha Day grew up on a farm in a time near the 1920‘s; she did well in high school but did not pursue a higher education because, according to Day, they didn’t push girls like they did men back then (B randt). 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The End Of World War I - 875 Words

The years following the end of World War I were a time of transition, leaving behind in its trail of destruction several devastated nations and historic changes that could not have been foreseen. Harsh treaties were imposed upon the defeated nations by the victorious western powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey and Bulgaria were stripped of substantial territories and significant war reparations were imposed (Brower and Sanders 64 – 65). The United States of America retreated from European politics but was able to remain the most prosperous economy of that time and led the way in development of new energy sources and goods, furthermore, reshaping daily life during and after the effects of this horrible war. Withdrawal of the United States and the newly formed Soviet Union, international peacekeeping was seriously weakened. 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Marketing Strategies of Colgate Palmolive Ltd Free Essays

string(47) " VP Marketing Colgate Palmolive \(India\) Ltd\." Project Report A STUDY ON MARKETING STRATEGIES OF COLGATE PALMOLIVE LTD. Submitted to: Dr. D. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategies of Colgate Palmolive Ltd or any similar topic only for you Order Now K. Agarwal Submitted by: DINESH CHAUHAN[62014] VIVEK DHAR [62066] FORE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT NEW DELHI Contents ? Introduction1 ? Objective2 ? Methodology3 ? Company Profile4 ? Company Strategy6 ? Marketing Mix15 ? SWOT Analysis26 ? Survey Findings28 ? Retailers Survey34 ? Conclusion37 ? Suggestions39 ? Consumer Questionnaire ? Retailer Questionnaire ? Bibliography INTRODUCTION As early as 3000 B. C. Egyptians used toothbrushes fashioned from twigs. In the 20th century a major design advance occurred in 1938 with the launch of Dr. West’s Miracle Tuft toothbrush, the first nylon bristle brush. Until the late 1970’s toothbrushes were widely viewed by consumer as a commodity and were primarily purchases on price. The involvement remained low and the companies also treated their toothbrushes as an extension, to get their consumers to use their toothpastes. Typically in the Indian market the percentage of toothbrush users has slowly inched upwards. As it has always been associated by the non-users as a non-essential item more so because of their fierce loyalty to the margosa twigg(Datun) and the index finger. The market of late has been the entry of several foreign players and the marketing game has assumed a totally new dimension. Companies are trying to shift to â€Å"PULL† strategy of long term returns and the inclination of consumers to shell out a few rupees extra to ensure a more wholesome care of their teeth and gum. This has resulted in rapid growth in value terms. Added to this is the initiative of the companies to focus on expanding the market by bringing the over 65% non-users in their consumer fold. With such vast potential to be exploited, the entry of several new players with their innovative ideas and experience in similar developing markets, the industry is likely to see a lot of action in the immediate future. OBJECTIVE The above of the project was manifold. ? First of all a general idea of the toothbrush industry – its competitiveness, volume and potential was to be adjudged. Next was to go on to analysis of the attitudes of a typical consumer and his/her idea/perception of this low involvement category product. ? This was to be followed up with the study of Colgate Plus toothbrush, as a typical product of the company, Colgate Palmolive and its standing in the market vis-a-vis other players, especially new entrants. ? To amalgamate all above to conclude as to what was to be the future/probable course of the toothbrush industry and Colgate Plus tooth brush in particular. METHODOLOGY 1. To get an idea of the industry, I went through all the relevant literature we could lay my hands upon. This included A M’s, Business Today’s. 2. For consumer attitudes, I prepared a questionnaire that was circulated among 70 odd people, well spread out across the whole of Delhi. The same was done with the retailers to try and see the conformity in findings in some specific attributes. 3. The questionnaire was to structured that an idea of brand image and relative studying of various brand could also be elicited. 4. The findings were synthesized, and keeping in mind the new entrants, their potential and the potential of the market, projections were made and conclusions were drawn. COMPANY PROFILE A household name for paste and tooth powder, Colgate Palmolive (India) was established on 23rd September 1937 as a private limited company in Bombay, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive Co. Of USA Initially it started with trading activity and later set up manufacturing operations in 1949 at Sewry (Bombay). The company became a public limited company on 5th October 1978. In 1990-91 the company commissioned facilities for fatty acid and toilet soap at Waluj (Aurangabad). The plants at Sewri and Waluj manufacture oral care products like dental creams, tooth powder tooth brushes and personal care products like toilet soaps, shampoo, which are marketed under various brand names such as Colgate, Palmolive, Halo, Protex and Charmis. The company’s distribution network covers 1700 stockists and 4,50,000 retailers with ware house facilities in Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Hyderabad, Lucknow and Madras ( and a new addition at Faridabad). The company has its own Research and development facilities and had also been getting the RD benefits of the parent company. It has a well established quality Control Department at Sewri Waluj. For 40 years, since inception till 1978, Colgate was carrying on its business in India with a paid up capital of Rs. 1. 5 lakh made up of 1500 equity shares of Rs. 100 each, when it was increases to Rs. 1. 96 crore, by a bonus issue in the ratio of 130:1. To comply with the FERA regulations, Colgate Palmolive, USA diluted its share holding to 40% in the Indian company, through an offer of sale to the Indian public in October 1978. Following FERA relaxation, the foreign shareholding was increased from 40% to 51% in September 1993. Colgate Palmolive (CP) is a global leader in household and personal care products. In 1991, it had sales of $ 6. 06 billion and a gross profit of $ 2. 76 billion, its world wide RD expenditures were $ 114 million and media advertising expenditure totalled $ 428 million. Colgate Palmolive’s five year plan for 1991 to 1995 emphasized new product launches and entry into new Geographic markets, along with improved efficiencies in manufacturing and distribution and a continuing focus on core consumer products. In 1921 $ 243 million was spend to upgrade 25 of Colgate Palmolive’s 91 manufacturing plants, 275 new products were introduced world-wide; several strategic acquisitions (e. g. of the Mennen men’s toiletries company) were completed and manufacturing began in China and Eastern Europe. Since 1985, gross margins had climbed from 39% to 45% while annual volume growth since 1986 had averaged 5% International sales Colgate Palmolive’s strong unit, accounted for 64% of sales and 6% of profits in 1991. COMPANY STRATEGY – ORAL CARE AND TOOTHBRUSH INDUSTRY IN PARTICULAR Volume is the key† says Richard Usuquen, VP Marketing Colgate Palmolive (India) Ltd. You read "Marketing Strategies of Colgate Palmolive Ltd" in category "Papers" To expand the market in all ranges, CP has an ongoing RURAL VAN PROGRAMME and SCHOOL PROGRAMME covering 14 million villages and 80 million consumers, teaching people brush or even clean their teeth with the fingers. CP’s action centring around finely balancing the urban market – (59. 5%) and rural markets (68% share) . So while the company has introduced such premium packaging as stand up toothpaste tubes with flip-up caps in the urban market, it is also selling sachets of Colgate dental cream at low prices. This focus on volumes is also evident in the toothbrush market, estimated at 400 million units per annum. C-P is the toothbrush leader in India with an approximately 60% market share, but since ‘95 it is facing challenges from HLL which has already garnered 8% market share. Usuquen says â€Å"The penetration of brushes in India is very low, so more than market share, it is important to grow the market†. To that end CP has actively introduced line extensions across all three segments – economy, middle and premium since last year. At the entry level it has adopted the sleeve packaging, with no individual cases. The focus is on driving volumes through the price-sensitive segment. The mid-price market has been the introduction of the HIGH KLEEN range, while the upper end has seen the zig – zag and Double – Action launches. For the economy segment, a price focus has been adopted. On offer are five toothbrushes each from the CP and Cibacca stables to rural consumers, at prices low enough to generate trial. For the urban market, the focus is on maintaining novelty value by introducing new variants and added features. Whatever is new, people buy. So the idea is to accelerate choice through a variety of product features†. CP’s perception of the Indian market is of one where people welcome change but clamour for high end products at cheaply prices. The answer to this conundrum as per the company’s strategy is to â€Å"†¦.. Optimise cost and formulation and the proceses and come up with efficient manufacturing to answer this â€Å". CP’s strategy is to pour in a lot of investment in the Indian market in terms of capital expenditure and organizational support and each out to the deepest interiors. SEGMENTATION The toothbrush industry can be regarded as a component of the Oral Care industry which broadly comprises tooth paste, mouth wash and floss, besides tooth brushes and a large unorganized naturally available cleaning mediums viz. Index Finger, Neem twigs etc. But Colgate Plus need not to bothered about latter as it operates in a different category. The tooth brush industry can be segmented in the basis of social class income group (Demographic Segmentation ), price (Product segmentation), benefit (behavioural segmentation), the last being the most important. DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION ACCORDING TO PRICE |Segment |Category |Brands |Characteristic | |Low income rural class |Economy |Promise, Cibaca |Looking for low price | |Middle income group semi urban |Standard |Colgate Classic Pepsodent popular | Value for money | |consumer | | | |Upper middle income urban |Premium |Colgate Plus, Classic, Ajay, Royal |High quality cleaning efficiency | |consumers | | | | |Upper class urban sophisticate |Super Premium |Oral B, Aquafresh, Jordan, Close Up|Unique, attribute, dentists | | | | |recommendation | The last two categories merge, since Colgate Plus is intelligently positioned in between the two to maintain a high quality in age as well as encourage switches from standard category to up grade PSYCHOGRAPHICS |Variations in Product |Jazzy looks, Transparent handle|Simpleton looks, Modest |Mix of the two : transparent | | |Flashy colours Superior Packing|packaging, Solid colours |handle but not very flash | | | | |packaging. |Urban sophisticate |Chooses with care, sports it as|Abhors |Abhors | | |a status symbol while | | | | |interacting in group travels | | | |Semi urban Non Chalant User |Aspires for it, but finds it |Very often goes for this as it |Some times this | | |difficult to afford; tries it |serves is purpose without much | | | |seldom |expenditure | | |Rural User |Does not have access/can’t | Is the only option Datun |Generally can’t afford this | | |think of | |either | |Tooth brushes brands |Oral B, Jordan, Aqua fresh etc. |Promise, Forhans etc. |Cibaca, Ajanta, Ajay etc. | The overall response reflects a gradual move in the direction of the premium to super premium segment as it is once in three months/four months purchase, thus being successful in luring all customers (except the rural user who are a small minority of the Market) to try out the ones that are places at a higher price on account of their trendy looks and overall appeal of style and splendor. BENEFIT SEGMENTATION |User Characteristic |Invalid oral health consumer |Involved oral health Consumer |Uninvolved Oral Health Consumer| | |Therapeutic Brushers |Cosmetic Brushers |Non-chalant Brushers | |Product Differentiater |Search functionally superior |Search for product that |Views products as same Lack of | | |product with many attributes. effectively delivers cosmetic |interest | | | |benefits | | |Advertising appeal |Put off by hardsell Prefers |Influenced by promotion, |Relatively unaware of ads can | | |dentist recommendation or |hammering on a USP |at most be influenced by price | | |in formed opinion | |offs, package deals | |Buying behaviour |Buys for himself, will go to a |Buys and uses for himself. |Buys for family. , will pick up| | |specialised store |Will not go beyond a large |any brand available. | | | |shop, supermarket | | |Regularity of usage |Brushes after every meal |Brushes mostly once, sometimes |At most once a day | | | |twice | | |Brand loyalty High |Low |Nil | |Price (Willing to pay) |20 |15-20 | Rs. 20 |3. 0 |25. 0 |7. 5 | |ASCRIBED TO | | | | |No specific reason |59. 4 |33. 3 |50. 0 | |word of mouth |15. 6 |16. 7 |19. 1 | |impressed with advt. |9. 3 |20. |11. 9 | |shopkeeper insisted |15. 6 |20. 8 |14. 3 | |dentists advice |6. 3 |8. 3 |4. 8 | |REPLACEMENT FREQUENCY | | | | |0-1 MONTHS |23. 5 |12. 5 |17. 4 | |1-2 MONTHS |26. 5 |29. |28. 3 | |2-3 MONTHS |23. 5 |29. 2 |30. 4 | |3-4 MONTHS |23. 5 |16. 7 |19. 6 | | 4 MONTHS |2. 9 |16. 7 |4. 3 | |FREQ. OF BRUSHING | | | | |Once (per day) |50. 0 |28. |46. 7 | |Twice |44. 2 |68. 0 |46. 8 | |after every meal |2. 9 |4. 0 |2. 2 | |Not very particular |2. 9 |0. 0 |2. 2 | |pressed with Advertisement | | | | |YES |11. 1 |22. 2 |12. | |NO |88. 9 |78. 0 |87. 1 | RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF ATTRIBUTES | |MALES |FEMALES |TOTAL |RANK | |PRICE |62. 7 |57. 3 |61. 2 |5 | |PACKAGING |40. 2 |49. 3 |44. 6 |8 | |DURABILITY |74. 5 |74. 7 |75. |2 | |LONG HANDLE |51. 9 |60. 0 |57. 0 |6 | |FLEXIBLE NECK |52. 9 |60. 0 |57. 1 |6 | |COMFY. ANGLE |68. 6 |78. 7 |73. 7 |3 | |SOFT BRISTLES |78. 4 |86. 7 |82. 9 |1 | |LOOKS |46. 1 |40. 0 |44. 9 | |DIAMOND HEAD |36. 3 |41. 3 |38. 9 |10 | |GRIP |58. 8 |68. 0 |63. 4 |4 | |INDICATOR |28. 4 |41. 3 |34. 3 |11 | COLGATE PLUS USERS RESPONSE | |Males |Females |Total | | |v. Good | |COLGATE PLUS |30. 96 | |CIBACA |14. 28 | |ORAL-B |16. 66 | |CLOSE-UP |9. 52 | |PEPSODENT POPULAR |7. 14 | |JORDAN |9. 2 | |OTHERS |11. 90 | BRAND RECALL |BRANDS |PERCENTAGE | |COLGATE PLUS |20. 47 | |PEPSODENT POPULAR |11. 02 | |CIBACA |10. 4 | |ORAL-B |9. 54 | |AQUA-FRESH |7. 59 | |AJANTA |7. 09 | |OTHERS |28. 35 | Only about 5% of the respondents could not remember which toothbrush they were presently using which were excluded from the above computing. RETAILER’S SURVEY FEATURES |No. f Respondents |: |20 | |Areas covered |: |Defence Colony, South Avenue, Khan Market, North Campus, Sarojini| | | |Nagar | |Nature of survey |: |Structured Questionnaire | |Objective |: |a) To gather the respond to new entrants vis-a-vis Colgate Plus | | | |as perceived by retailers. | | | |B) Retailers favorite brand(s) | | | |Margins offered | |Limitations |: |Given the areas covered, the response was bound to be asked in | | | |favour of the upper class users. | F INDINGS |A. Availability | | | |Easy |: |Classic, Aqua-Fresh, Oral-B, Pepsodent, Colgate Plus | |Not Easy |: |Royal, Forhans, Cibaca, Jordan, Prudent. | |B. Sales | | | |High |: |Colgate Plus, Cibaca, Classic, Pepsodent, Oral-B | |Satisfactory |: |Close-up, Ajanta, Ajay, Jordan, Aqua-Fresh | |C. Profit Margins | | | |Highest |: |Classic, Royal | |High |: |Jordan | |Medium |: |Oral-B, Aqua-Fresh, Reach, Cibaca | |Low |: |Colgate Plus, Pepsodent, Close-up | * Highest Margin : 35-40%Lowest Margin – 10-15% N. B. Colgate Plus features in the lowest level of margin and yet commands the highest market share. The low margin was however denied by the Sales Office of Colgate-Palmolive at Delhi, who claimed to offer equal to that of the industry standards. Colgate Plus was not backed up by any appraisal system whatsoever. Supply is kept regular on weekly basis. D. Retailer’s Perception Of Preferences |BY BRAND NAME |36. % | |CHEAP BRUSH |9. 3% | |SPECIFY PRICE RANGE |15. 9% | |EXPENSIVE |21. 5% | |TRY NEW ONESE |16. 8 | E. Retails insisted on â€Å"Pushing† Classic as it was moderately priced and yet offered a very good margin. * The â€Å"D† above was also substantiated by our consumer survey. CONCLUSION The present day brushing habits of the Indian society as a whole leaves a lot to be desired – 41 toothbrushes are sold for every 100 persons per year! Total units sold add u to a little over 400 million, growing at the rate of 10% p. a in volume terms and 25% in value terms (difference explained by the shift to upper end of the market). This implies not much inroad has been made into the rural and semi-urban market. Non-users constitute about 65% of total population. While the global brands try to create new markets and add new dimensions, there is much greater latent demand. Out of their stable of marketing strategies, advertising till now had been low priority for the players (this was confirmed in our survey as 88. % of respondents don’t recall the ads). This indicates companies find it formidable to change the low involvement level psyche of consumers and the route of aggressive sales promotion by way of price offs, POP displays, tied sales and generous trade margin s still hold the key to increasing off take of toothbrushes. No one has made a serious attempt in the virgin territory of 65% non-users (CP’s Rural Van Programme is a recent drive). The thought of doing a Nirma to the toothbrush market has escaped everyone. Despite packaging constituting a substantial (upto 40%) of the cost of a toothbrush it has found to have influenced the purchasing decisions of the buyers. In our survey consumers corroborated to this effect (refer to the survey findings). Companies could rethink their strategy of increasing differentiability by packaging and instead invest in product development for the same. SUGGESTIONS Some possible product improvisations Attached straight tongue cleaner cased in the toothbrush handle. Cartoons character printed on the handle to attract kids. Padding on the handle end to massage the gums. Casing the toothbrush (for kids) in a toy form. Neck with adjustable handle. Get a certificate by the Indian Dental Association (IDA) for the toothbrush, like the Colgate Calciguard Toothpaste. Segregate the toothbrush types for different age groups, e. g. , Children – Thicker handle for better grip, bright colours and cartoons printed on the handle. Young People of Teenager – more trendy colours and designs, like stripes or polka dotted, more vibrant colours. Adults – Simple designs and sober and decent colours. For the new entrant Introduce the product with the offer of one free toothbrush with the purchase of a brush which will help in blocking and prepointing the purchase of the buyer. As the target segment is the premium segment therefore, premium pricing of the product is necessary. Price the product at Rs. 251 -* or at Rs. 301- and not at Rs. 361 or Rs. 221- because the shopkeepers face a problem in returning small changes of Rs. 31 or Rs. 31- and Rs. 1 so they sometimes avoid the product as confessed by the shopkeeper. Add value to the product by giving tips on taking good oral care, in the back side of the package or a free pamphlet with the purchase of a brush, like brushing twice a day, flossing, polishing , regular dental check-up by your dentist, this shows a caring and concerned attitude by the company. With the purchase of a toothbrush, give a free coupons which is to be filled in by the consumer and can be used by him or her for getting a free dental check-up as when and where specified in the advertisement in the newspaper. This kind of scheme can be implemented by the company once in two three months. However, these suggestions can be used by the big players in the market or the new entrant, who has to be a big player because a large investment is needed for such heavy sales promotion and also an attempt should be made to convert this low involvement product into a high involvement as it is concerned with personal card and hygiene and a product of daily use. CONSUMER QUESTIONNAIRE 1. AGE : ( 15-30 Years ( 30-40 Years ( 40-50 years (Above 50 years 2. SEX : ( Male ( Female 3. OCCUPATION : ( Govt. Service( Self-employed ( Corporate Executive ( Student ( Others (specify __________________) 4. MARITAL STATUS 🙠 Single ( Married with children ( Married without children 5. AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME/ALLOWANCE ( Rs. 20000 6. Which toothbrush do you generally use? 7. Name any other five toothbrushes that you can recall 12345 8. Who purchases your toothbrush? ( Myself( A family member( A Subordinate 9. Do you ask for a toothbrush by name? ( Yes ( No 10. How much are you ready to spend on a toothbrush? ( Rs. 5-10( Rs. 10-15( Rs. 15-20( Rs. 20 11. What prompted you to purchase your current toothbrush? ( Dentist’s advice ( Impressed with the advertisement ( Shopkeeper gave it to me ( A well-wisher recommended it to me ( Just bought it no specific reason. 12. How often do you replace your toothbrush? (0-1 month( 1-2 months( 2-3 months( 3-4 months ( 4 months 13. How often do you brush your teeth a day? ( Once ( Twice ( After every meal( Not particular 14. What according to you are the relative importances of the following? | |V. Imp |Imp. |Not so Imp. Doesn’t matter | |PRICE | | | | | |PACKAGING | | | | | |DURABILITY | | | | | |FLEXIBLE NECK | | | | | |COMFORTABLE ANGLE | | | | | |SOFTNESS OF BRISTLES | | | | | |LOOKS (TRANSPARENT HANDLE ETC. ) | | | | | |DIAMOND HEAD | | | | | |GRIP | | | | | |INDICATOR | | | | | 15. Has any toothbrush ad (seen on TV/in a magazine) made an impact on you? |YES |NO |IF YES, THEN WHY | | ORAL-B | | | | |AQUA FRESH | | | | |ROYAL | | | | |COLGATE PLUS | | | | 16. Kindly answer the following in case you have used Colgate Plus/Aqua Fresh toothbrushes: | |AQUA FRESH |COLGATE PLUS | |QUALITY |*V. GOOD * GOOD |* V. GOOD * GOOD | | |* MODERATE |* MODERATE | | |* NO GOOD |* NO GOOD | |AVAILABILITY |* EASY * NOT SO EASY * DIFFICULT |* EASY * NOT SO EASY * DIFFICULT | |IF IT WORTH THE PRICE |* YES *NO |* YES * NO | | |* CAN’T SAY |*CAN’T SAY | |IF THE BRAND IS NOT AVAILABLE, THEN I |* WILL WAIT |* WILL WAIT | | |* WILL NOT WAIT |* WILL NOT WAIT | THANK YOU FOR SPARING YOUR VALUABLE TIME!! RETAILER QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Location of the store : 2. Selling toothbrushes since 3. Brands stocked ( Colgate Plus( Cibaca Supreme( Aqua Fresh ( Jordan( Oral-B( Royal ( Pepsodent( Promise( Ajay ( Ajanta( Classic 4. Which are the top three toothbrushes in terms of exist sales? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. In case not covered above. What is the status of: 1. Aquafresh( Good( Picking up Moderate( Poor 2. Colgate Plus( Good( Picking up Moderate( Poor 6. How do consumers ask for a tooth brush? (Rank them) (a) Ask by brand name(b) Ask for a cheap brush (c) Specify a price range(d) Go for an expensive brush (e) Keep trying newer ones 7. Which of these two companies make it a point to: (a) Get a regular feedback Aquafresh( Yes( No Colgate Plus( Yes( No (b) Maintain regular supply Aquafresh( Yes( No Colgate Plus( Yes( No 8. Rank your profit margin for the following brands: 1. Cibaca Supreme2. Colgate Plus 3. Oral-B4. Aqua Fresh 5. Classic 6. Ajanta 7. Pepsodent 8. Jordan 9. What is your a) Highest Margin b) Lowest Margin 10. If the consumer does not ask for a specific toothbrush then which one would you offer him? Why? BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Business Today Library 2. AM Issues of June ‘05, June ‘05, April ‘2006 3. CII Library 4. FORE Library 5. Kotler Philip (Principles of Marketing) 6. Kotler, Philip (Marketing Management). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. N. S. Uppal for entrusting me with a challenging project and along with it, his help and encouragement has been exemplary. I wish to place my sincere gratitude to the officials of concerned organization and libraries who in spite of their busy schedule always spared their time whenever needed. ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] How to cite Marketing Strategies of Colgate Palmolive Ltd, Papers

Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution Essay Example For Students

Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution Essay Table 1: Color and Percent Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution with a pH of 6.0 tested in 3 minute intervals Time Color Percent ( % ) Transmittance Average Rate per minute 3 Dark Navy 6 Dark Navy 9 Dark Navy 12 Brown 0.2 0.0667 15 Dark Orange 8.2 2.6667 18 Orange 28.3 6.7 21 Orange 62.3 11.3333 24 Orange 67.4 1.7 27 Bright Orange 79.1 3.9 30 Bright Orange 85.3 2.0667 33 Bright Orange 87.7 0.8333 36 Bright Orange 90.2 -0.6333 39 Bright Orange 88.3 -0.6333 42 Bright Orange 83 -1.7667 45 Orange 74.4 -2.8667 48 Bright Orange 88.4 4.6667 51 Bright Orange 100 3.8667 Average rate=percent transmission at t 2 per centum transmission at t1 / T 2 T 1 Figure 1. Sum of visible radiation transmitted through a pH of 6.0 over clip in 3 minute intervals Table 2: Color and Percent Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution with a pH of 7.0 tested in 3 minute intervals Table 2 Time Color Percent ( % ) Transmittance Average Rate per minute 3 Dark Navy 6 Dark Navy 9 Blue/Brown 0.1 0.0333 12 Dark Orange 3.5 1.1333 15 Orange 21.3 5.9333 18 Light Orange 67.1 15.2667 21 Light Orange 58.8 -2.7667 24 Light Orange 72.3 4.5 27 Bright Orange 76.3 1.3333 30 Bright Orange 81.1 1.6 33 Bright Orange 77.6 -1.1667 36 Bright Orange 85.5 2.6333 39 Bright Orange 73.4 -4.0333 42 Bright Orange 91.2 5.9333 45 Bright Orange 73.8 -5.8 48 Bright Orange 86.8 4.3333 51 Bright Orange 95.4 2.8667 54 Bright Orange 97.6 0.7333 57 Bright Orange 98.9 0.4333 60 Bright Orange 98.8 -0.0333 63 Bright Orange 91.8 -2.333 66 Bright Orange 100 2.7333 Average rate=percent transmission at t 2 per centum transmission at t1 / T 2 T 1 Figure 2. Sum of visible radiation transmitted through a pH of 7.0 over clip in 3 minute intervals Table 3: Color and Percent Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution with a pH of 7.0 tested in 3 minute intervals Table 3 Time Color Percent ( % ) Transmittance Average Rate per minute 3 Dark Navy 6 Dark Navy 9 Blue/Brown 0.2 0.667 12 Dark Orange 10.1 3.3 15 Orange 33.8 7.9 18 Light Orange 48.6 4.9333 21 Light Orange 56.4 2.6 24 Light Orange 77.6 7.0667 27 Bright Orange 78.2 0.2 30 Bright Orange 83.7 1.8333 33 Bright Orange 80.1 -1.2 36 Bright Orange 88.5 2.8 39 Bright Orange 67.3 -7.0667 42 Bright Orange 82.2 4.9667 45 Bright Orange 78.2 -1.3333 48 Bright Orange 85.5 2.4333 51 Bright Orange 94.8 3.1 54 Bright Orange 82.4 -4.1333 57 Bright Orange 100 5.8667 Average rate=percent transmission at t 2 per centum transmission at t1 / T 2 T 1 Figure 3. Sum of visible radiation transmitted through a pH of 7.0 over clip in 3 minute intervals Table 4: Color and Percent Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution with a pH of 8.0 tested in 3 minute intervals Table 4 Time Color Percent ( % ) Transmittance Average Rate per minute 3 Dark Navy 6 Dark Navy 9 Dark Brown 0.1 0.0333 12 Dark Brown 0.2 0.0333 15 Dark Orange 4.9 1.5667 18 Orange 19.4 4.8333 21 Orange 34.4 5 24 Orange 27.4 -2.3333 27 Orange 48.9 7.1667 30 Light Orange 58.1 3.0667 33 Light Orange 62.3 1.4 36 Light Orange 72.9 3.5333 39 Orange 64.6 -2.7667 42 Orange 78.7 4.7 45 Orange 73.5 -1.7333 48 Orange 74.1 0.2 51 Light Orange 80.8 2.2333 54 Bright Orange 87.3 2.1667 57 Bright Orange 88.5 0.4 60 Bright Orange 87.1 -0.4667 63 Bright Orange 87.8 0.2333 66 Bright Orange 90 0.7333 69 Bright Orange 90.5 0.1667 72 Bright Orange 82.4 -2.7 75 Bright Orange 78.9 -1.1667 78 Bright Orange 76.4 -0.8333 81 Bright Orange 93.1 5.5667 84 Bright Orange 94 0.3 .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 , .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .postImageUrl , .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 , .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:hover , .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:visited , .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:active { border:0!important; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:active , .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3 .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8baeeca3a8f75cff6333ede8064fddc3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank Essay87 Bright Orange 94.1 0.0333 90 Bright Orange 100 1.9667 Average rate=percent transmission at t 2 per centum transmission at t1 / T 2 T 1 Figure 4. Sum of visible radiation transmitted through a pH of 8.0 over clip in 3 minute intervals Table 5: Color and Percent Transmittance between an amylase and starch solution with a pH of 8.0 tested in 3 minute intervals Table 5 Time Color Percent ( % ) Transmittance Average rate per minute 3 Dark Navy 6 Dark Navy 9 Dark Navy 12 Dark Navy 15 Dark Navy 18 Dark Navy 21 Dark Navy 24 Dark Navy 0.1 0.0333 27 Dark Brown 0.1 30 Dark Orange/Brown 0.1 33 Orange/Brown 0.4 0.1 36 Dark Orange 1.4 0.3333 39 Dark Orange 3.5 0.7 42 Dark Orange 11.1 2.5333 45 Dark Orange 10.5 -0.2 48 Dark Orange 16.2 1.9 51 Dark Orange 21.3 1.7 54 Dark Orange 26.4 1.7 57 Dark Orange 32.7 2.1 60 Dark Orange 33.5 0.2667 63 Orange 45.7 4.0667 66 Orange 46.3 0.2 69 Orange 42.1 -1.4 72 Orange 64.8 7.5667 75 Orange 52.5 -4.1 78 Orange 54.3 0.6 81 Orange 54.6 0.1 84 Orange 53.8 -0.2667 87 Orange 50 -1.2667 90 Orange 55.5 1.8333 93 Light Orange 65.7 3.4 96 Light Orange 62 -1.2333 Average rate=percent transmission at t 2 per centum transmission at t1 / T 2 T 1 Figure 5. Sum of visible radiation transmitted through a pH of 9.0 over clip in 3 minute intervals Table 6. Entire Rate transmission per minute of different pH groups. Changing pH Rate transmission per minute pH 6.0 1.961 ( % transmittance/min ) pH 7.0 1.515 ( % transmittance/min ) pH 7.0 ( control ) 1.754 ( % transmittance/min ) pH 8 1.111 ( % transmittance/min ) pH 9 0.646 ( % transmittance/min ) Entire Rate = entire transmission / stoping clip Figure 6. Percent Transmittance of an amylase amylum solution in 3 minute intervals with changing pH Starch Hydrolysis Discussion This experiment was conducted to demo if changing the pH in an environment will alter the rate of the reaction between amylum and amylase. The pH of the amylum amylase solution was the independent variable, and the sum of light being transmitted through the solution after adding I was the dependent variable. The tabular arraies and figures determine the reaction rate by plotting the per centum of visible radiation transmitted versus clip measured to acquire an equation. The void hypothesis of changing the pH of the enzyme solution will non impact the reaction between amylum and amylase is in wrong harmonizing to tabular arraies 1 -5. The changing pH groups in a solution had different rates harmonizing to table 6. The consequences showed that the first pH to make 100 % was the pH of 6.0. Harmonizing to table 1 it took 51 proceedingss for the pH 6.0 solution to make 100 % transmission. The solution of pH 7.0 took 57 proceedingss to make 100 % transmission harmonizing to table 3. Merely 6 proceedingss from the pH of 6.0. Harmonizing to table 2 the 2nd pH of 7.0 ( control ) showed 100 % transmission at 66 proceedingss. The solution of pH 8.0 took 90 proceedingss to make 100 % transmission harmonizing to table 4, most probably because it is more basic. The pH of 9.0 was either a dark naval forces or dark orange for most of the experiment. The solution of pH of 9.0 did non make 100 % transmission. Harmonizing to table 5 the pH of 9.0 solution took a sum of 96 proceedingss to make a transmission of merely 62 % .The pH of 9.0 solution ran out before it reached 100 % . Refering to the informations in figure 5 it took about 40 proceedingss earlier much visible radiation was transmitted for pH of 9.0. The solution of pH 9.0 had the slowest rate of the 5 changing pH solutions ; the rate was 0.646 harmonizing to table 6. The pH with the fastest rate was pH 6.0 with a rate of 1.961. .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f , .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .postImageUrl , .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f , .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:hover , .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:visited , .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:active { border:0!important; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:active , .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2eac118125bd25032741858a4a5c689f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Vigee Le Brun EssayMentioning the information from figure 6 the pH 0f 9.0 had the lowest per centum transmission. Not excessively far behind was the pH of 8.0. The solutions with a pH of 6.0, 7.0 and the control group were near in per centum transmission. Decision In decision the hypothesis for the amylum, amylase experiment was right. Yes changing the pH of the enzyme solution will impact the rate of the reaction between amylum and amylase. The 5 different pH groups, pH 6.0,7.0, 7.0 ( control ) 8.0 and 9.0 used in this experiment all had different reaction rates and different times when the per centum transmission reached 100 % .It was discovered that the information dropped a few times. This could hold been because the standardization was non completed plenty. This besides could hold been because cuvettes may hold had finger Markss and non decently wiped off. Another inquiry to be proposed would be, does changing the pH in different solutions change the reaction rate between amylum and amylase?

Story of Drunken Girlhood

The book under discussion is Smashed: Story of a Drunken Girlhood by Koren Zailckas which dwells upon the place of a person in the society hiding this idea behind alcoholism. At the same time, these two notions are connected in the book, as being a teenager, Koren Zailckas tries to find her place in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Story of Drunken Girlhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should be noted that this is one of the most difficult periods in human life. The first drink of alcohol was the beginning. The main topic of the book is adolescence and the mistakes teenagers make trying to find their place in the modern society. The author tries to tell her story to the whole world with the purpose to show that the social problem is rather urgent and something should be done until it is not too late. The book under discussion tells a real story of the author and a long period of life when she was an alcoholic refusing from this. The preface of the book starts with the words, â€Å"this is a kind of night that leaves a mark† (Zailckas, 2006, p. xi). The day when the author had the first drink is remembered. The topic of drinking is central in the book. At the same time, the social problems are raised. The author writes on the first pages of the book that â€Å"the mean age of the first drink for girls is less than thirteen years old† (p. 4). It is possible to state that the alcoholism discussed in the book along with the age considered there makes the book focused on the sociological and psychological problem. Considering the situation in the book and referencing it to the tendencies and changes in the modern world related to social and psychological problems adolescents have, it may be stated that if the government and society in general do nothing the book will be actual in 5, 10 and even 15 years from now. The book is written for the adolescents and for thei r parents. It is really important for the book to be read not only by adolescents, but also by their parents this may help the latest to understand what is happening with their children and to provide help when it is not too late. Moreover, being the social problem, adolescent alcoholism should be treated accordingly, abuse and prohibition of something are not the best variants for help. Parents should understand this. Psychologists may find this book the most useful as it covers personal experience which is extremely important. There are a lot of books which consider the same problem but most of them are written as the guides or theoretical issues. This book, vice versa, is more like a fiction literature which depicts serious problems.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It seems that the author does not state any argument. The book is more like a dairy where the author provi des the reader with the consequent succession and smooth flow of situations, events, thoughts, etc. As it was mentioned above, the main theoretical problem of the book is the psychological reason for adolescents’ alcoholism and why it is higher between girls than between boys. The book states that girls have more problems when being teenagers as they have to correspond to the surrounding prejudices. The world of teenagers is rather cruel and girls are more subjected to depressions than boys are. The general problem which stands before the reader is the lack of attention to the social problems adolescents have to face. The book depicts the problem of girl-boy sexual relations on the background of drinking and the problem of personal perception. Dwelling upon personal life, the author states that she was not an alcoholic. The refusal to accept the problem is the core challenge many adolescents face. Moreover, the book depicts the problem of unstable psych of teenagers that adds to the number of social problems raised in the book. It is important to state that these problems are considered to be typical in the whole world. It should be noted that the author uses a very effective method for demonstrating the main purpose of the book. So many words have been said about the social problem of teenagers that the phrases that alcohol is harmful and that adolescence is the most difficult period in human life are not heard anymore. The author uses the best way to make people hear. The description of the theoretical framework is always boring what cannot be said about absorbing description of personal problems. The genuine language of the book adds to the expected effect. According to personal awareness of the problem, it may be said that the information in the book is readable and perfectly illustrates the â€Å"illness† of the society. The book under discussion perfectly fits the problems discussed in the 13th chapter of the textbook Adolescence by Laurenc e Steinberg. The ideas discussed in the chapter â€Å"Psychological development during adolescence† can be easily related to the main topic of the book which is in the focus. Sometimes people believe that â€Å"the problems of adolescence seem to fade away with time† (Steinberg, 2010, p. 403), but this opinion is wrong as the problems which appear while the adolescence are not caused by adolescence. The problem lies much deeper and it becomes psychological. The abuse of alcohol is provoked by depressions and anxiety which are the consequences of too high standards which exist in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Story of Drunken Girlhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Behavior and adolescents’ psychological and social problems are the main common ideas considered in the text. It may be said that the professional comments in the final chapter of the book are missing but they coul d be really important for parents who understand that they have the same problem described in the book and do not know what to do. Reference List Steinberg, L. (2010). Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Zailckas, K. (2006). Smashed: Story of a Drunken Girlhood. New York: Penguin Group USA. This essay on Story of Drunken Girlhood was written and submitted by user Angelo Mcleod to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Thinking Example

Critical Thinking Example Critical Thinking – Term Paper Example Time Management Mr Herman is truly facing a time management challenge especially when it comes to arriving at his workplace in time. Additionally, he encounters other obstacles that magnify his problem making it near impossible to solve. From his story, these obstacles include those attributable to him and others that are inevitable. This paper seeks to identify the obstacles Mr Herman faces and possible solutions to help him avoid being late for work.First, Mr Herman lives far away from the workplace. The distance between his home and Dewey, Cheetum the chat with his friends before he goes to work is an obstacle. The possible solution to the obstacle is to either hold the chats for only 10 -15 minutes or avoid chatting with them on his way to work altogether.Thirdly, Mr Herman’s’ habit of stopping for coffee at Tim Hortona causes his lateness as the time he spend taking coffee could be spent on the road and thereby save him from lateness. The solution is to desist fro m the stopping over habit and explore other options like taking coffee at home or sipping it as he drives to work. Work CitedPorter, Jessica. Saving time. Cambridge: Nightingale, 2007. Print. Critical Thinking Example Critical Thinking – Term Paper Example Critical Thinking: Mr. Herman Good Eagle Case Study Punctuality is a trait any person can master, because it does not require any unique ability or talent (Bliss 34). The strong academic and professional background that Mr. Herman Good Eagle has makes him feel that it is important to develop the skill. However, he is still struggling with on time and has already developed the habit of lateness no wonder he already has four warnings. Mr. Herman is constantly late, because he has a tendency to get easily distracted. It is evident when he chooses to chat with friends instead of going to work. Subsequently, Herman underestimates the duration things will take. He is not certain about how long it will take to cross the railroad or get delayed by the bus picking kinds. Equally, Herman has a misperception of the passage of time and enjoys working under pressure.To solve the punctuality problem, Herman has first to own up to the problem. There is no need of rationalizing lateness. Then, he ha s to work on his powers of concentration. The lateness in this case is the outcome of not staying on task with the activities that can guarantee that Herman will get to work on time. The activities that he should consider as of great importance are limiting charting with friends, crossing the railroad early, taking the cup of coffee promptly, and choosing the right route to work. Herman should build his mental discipline and the ability to focus. He should redefine getting to work on time as a matter of integrity. It is easier to attain punctuality when Herman feels motivated and has a strong sense of purpose. Finally, he has to practice taking note of benefits of getting to work on time.Bliss, Dominic. Being the best man for dummies. s.l.: John Wiley, 2013. Print. Critical Thinking Example Critical Thinking – Article Example Critical Thinking The context refers to the consideration of the situation that an intervention is being administered as well as that of the person and the desired outcome. It enhances the capacity to develop good interventions in managing the developmental problems that children face. The application of context can ensure that the problem becomes clearly understood and the intervention being applied is able to provide a lasting solutions to the problem (Cale et al., 2009). This becomes a critical part in the assessment by making it accurate through the minimisation of various errors that might occur.The use of context remains essential during assessments and making interventions as the results of the solution that is developed are based on the problem which a child has. The application of different contexts can enable care givers to identify the specific challenges faced by a child and be able to focus on assisting the child from the perspective of the particular problem identified (Harry, 2008). Through such an approach, the solution devised provides comprehensive solution. The different levels of skills that children have can also be identified through the application of context. This will enable the separation of the children according to their development al capabilities.Conceptualisation of a problem ensures that the impact of the assessment and intervention can also be examined to determine effectiveness. Conceptual approach ensures that the functional challenges that children face are addressed completely since they can be accurately identified (Klingner & Harry, 2006). Accurate assessment is the beginning point for an accurate intervention. Through the conceptualisation process of a problem, the observable behavioural transformation coming as a result of the intervention can also be conceptualised. The interventions can then be compared to other situations and assessed for effectiveness in other developmental challenges.ReferencesCale, S. I., Carr, E. G., Blakeley-Smith, A., & Owen-DeSchryver, J. S. (2009). Context-Based Assessment and Intervention for Problem Behavior in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behavior Modification, 33(6), 707–742.Harry, B. (2008). Collaboration With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families: Ideal Versus Reality. Exceptional Children, 74(3), 372–388.Klingner, J. K., & Harry, B. (2006). The Special Education Referral and Decision-Making Process for English Language Learners: Child Study Team Meetings and Placement Conferences. Teachers College Record, 108(11), 2247–2281.

Finance Presentation for Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Finance Presentation for Apple - Essay Example On top of this, they also sell a wide variety of software, services, peripherals and other networking solutions. A. History - Apple was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak and is considered one of the pioneers in the technology industry. They are now based in Cupertino, California (Kimmel 1998) and since their inception in the 70's, have become one of the most well known brands in the world not only in terms of hardware power but also as an entertainment media, a niche market they have practically dominated for many years. B. Products - While the original product line of Apple were the Mac hardware and software, they have, in the course of their business, diversified and morphed into a company that creates gadgets that combine function, style and entertainment into one amazing and compact tool. 2. Business Strategy - In general, the company is dedicated to provide up to date computing tools and portable entertainment media for a spectrum of users like students, educators, professionals and many others. Apple is anchored on five core principles that have proven to be vital to the company's success in attaining market leadership and profitability. A. A. Digital Lifestyle (Apple Inc., 2007, p.1) - Unlike other companies in the technology industry, Apple has positioned itself as a provider of total digital experience. They have been a trailblazer in integrating various media like music players, mobile communication, video players, cameras and game consoles into one compact but powerful contraption. This stratagem has proven to be very effective in realizing Apple's vision to be the leading technology provider in the world. B. Expanded Distribution (Apple Inc., 2007, p.2) - Another key element in the business of Apple Inc. is their belief in getting closer to their target market. While it is possible to settle for other distribution channels, the company opted to expand their own retail outlet network strategically around the globe. This way, they will be assured that the quality of sales personnel conveying the features and benefits of their products and services will conform to their standard and provide top level customer care and after sales service. This has proven to be effective and efficient for the company as it has enabled them not only to increase their loyal customer base but to ensure repeat sales. C. Education (Apple Inc., 2007, p.2) - While Apple caters to most corporate requirements, they have since been a strategic partner of the academe. As a matter of fact, the company has committed itself in alleviating the teaching and learning process for educators and students respectively by delivering tools and devices that support this process. Apple is a firm believer that technology stimulated education will result to a higher level of student achievement and that technology can play an important role in the learning process as it allows educators and students a wider access to information that used to be limited to the privileged ones. Some of these tools and services aimed at supporting this sector are the Mac computers and Apple TV to name a few. D. Creative Professionals (Apple Inc., 2007

Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Computer Systems - Essay Example Installation of VMware Player 5 on Windows 7 was conducted, installation of a guest operating system (Kali Linux x64) done and screenshots asserting the completion of these steps presented. A brief into the future of cloud computing as an application of virtualization has been documented too to cement the fact that indeed the technology has incalculable potential. Virtualization has caused a significant paradigm shift in the way information technology is being used to offer business solutions. This technology has taken over the IT market with a bang as most businesses and companies struggle not to be left out on this ingenious feat of computer engineering. With virtualization, hardware has been stretched to unimaginable levels and concerns over storage, safety and availability of information will soon be a thing of the past. Through it, imposing technologies have emerged to the measure of cloud computing that have taken center stage in the online service industry. A host of many more IT dreams have been made realities following the advent of virtualization. Virtualization is the concept of subdividing a computer resource into several virtual versions of it so as to create multiple operating environments. This virtualization is common implemented upon storage devices, operating systems, servers and networks. Hardware virtualization entails embedding a virtual machine manager, called a hypervisor, into the circuitry of hardware so as to allow multiple operating systems to run (Rouse). The work of the hypervisor is to control allocation of memory, processor and other hardware resources to the different operating systems on the computer without requiring source code to translate addresses and instructions. Each OS is made to ‘see’ that it has its own set of hardware components when actually the hypervisor allocates in an alternating manner. This concept is largely applied in servers where resources are

Export and Import Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Export and Import - Research Paper Example The culture of instating clear regulations has been in the United States for a long time. This is done to ensure the safety of all the citizens of the country. Therefore, a business that will not consider such regulations is likely to flop. For example, the United States has clear regulations on any imports that pose a threat to the environment (Manresa, 2010). This is a culture that has been developed to ensure the nation does not pose environmental threats to its citizens. Apparently, the issue of globalization has enhanced the regulations that are deemed to limit the influence on the environment. In the previous years, the regulations on imports were not stringent, which was an easy task for importers and exporters. As such, there is a need to take a closer reflection on these regulations before embarking on the import and export business. Culture of a country determines the way of life of the citizens. Therefore, this is likely to affect the import and export business as it is likely to affect the demand of supply of the products in the country (Cook, 2012). For example, the issue of junk foods is prevalent in the United States. This is an issue that has caused uproar between concerned parties especially in regard to health concerns. It is estimated that many young citizens of the country have health issues which emanate from the consumption of junk foods. These are fast foods that are consumed frequently in the United States. ... In order to reduce such instances, there is a dreaded reduction on the production of such foods. This would be a setback to businesses that would wish to import and export foodstuff. Lastly, there is the culture of consumption of particular products. This should also be considered since the demand market will affect the business. Governmental, compliance management, and security requirements There are various institutions that are put in place to deal with the import and export business in the United States. These are institutions that ensure the business is conducted in a legal and safe manner (Manresa, 2010). First, there is the Border Compliance Assistance Center which is instrumental in regulating transport of products on the United States’ border. This is a body that is obligated to safeguard any products that are transported to the United States with special focus on solid and hazardous wastes. The United States is focused on reducing entry of waste materials into the co untry as this will cause environmental threats. Any business that wishes to transport products from the border into the United States has to comply with the regulations that are highlighted by the Border Compliance Assistance Center. Similarly, this is an instrumental center where businesses gather information regarding transport from other places, which includes Mexico. Secondly, a business that would wish to import products into the United States has to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (Weiss, 2011). These are the stated regulations that should be adhered to before starting any importation and exportation business in the United States. Compliance with the regulations requires massive preparation since they restrict

Techniques to Generate Sustainable Fuels and Biofuels

Techniques to Generate Sustainable Fuels and Biofuels SUSTAINABLE FUELS LIKE BIOFUELS Vishal Kaatal[1] University of Toronto Institute of Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario I have studied different ways to generate Sustainable fuels like Biofuels. My focus is whether Biofuels can help the future of Aviation industry as a fuel source of energy, is it easy to produce in environmental without damaging it. What are the ways of generating Biofuels. Whether any country is focusing to produce Biofuels in abundant quantity and difficulties faced by them. Following selected papers have been selected to start my work but will not be limited to find various answers throughout the project and can be added when required. [1]In recent years, it has been seen drastic change in Climate, Natural resources got reduced, and fossil fuels are in the situation of extinction in near future which triggered scientist and researchers to find an alternative source of energy. They came up with an idea of Biofuel which is generated from the waste of trees, sewage, grass, etc. popularly known by Biomass. Biomass is available in abundant quantity in the world as well as cheaper in cost. In this paper, it shows how to produce Biofuel from Biomass for safer world. [2]This paper talks about the development of aviation biofuels. Aviation biofuel has been tested in various test flights which shows positive result but will take time for commercialized. The constrains which were discussed in interviews with leading global aviation biofuel stakeholders between October and December 2011 are costly production, feedstocks limitation and lack of policy for aviation biofuel throughout the world having rules and regulation at different countries. Paper discussed how to apply these problems for future development of global market for aviation biofuel. [3]This paper talks about Biofuels as a transport alternative fuel in Australia because it the 2nd largest about 24% of total energy consumption.ÂÂ   This large amount of energy demand can be meet with biofuels. It shows different biofuels sources available in Australia which can be produced and used by thinking of future projects.ÂÂ   In future, how to develop biofuel supply chain from different generations of biofuel. [4]This paper deals with the implementation of Biofuels in India as a substitute of fossil fuels and target to use biodiesel and bioethanol for the substitution of 20% fossil fuels by 2017. Also, it shows implications for land use, food production in India. [5]It talks about the use of many algae species to produce biofuels. It also talks about the issue of sustainability of commercial-scale microalgae to produce biofuels with the requirement of environmental conditions. [6]This paper talks about the advantage of algae over first and second generation biomass feedstocks to produce biofuels. It shows the scope and possibilities of Algal biorefineries and how the future of biofuels will be developed using algae. [7]In various ways algae is used to produce Biofuels but did anyone wonder whether the production is possible to meet our requirement. In this paper, the author talks about the limitations to commercialization of algae fuels should be learned and addressed for future commercialization. [8]It is notable that when another source of energy like solar, wind and biofuels usage increases concerns over environmental issues mostly in land use which effects on wildlife. In this paper, it talks about the several uncertainties and limitations to establishing energy production at airports, how to overcome these challenges. [9]In current situation, microalgae used for energy production seem not to be economically feasible. When microalgae cultivated under stress condition produces high-value compounds along with lipids or carbohydrates has been discussed here. [10]The extraction of oil consists of various steps which require energy, the cost of biodiesel from microalgae cost more compared to plant oil. Here sustainable approach for utilization as well as emerging cost effective methods has been discussed. References [1] S. Chakraborty, V. Aggarwal, D. Mukherjee and K. Andras, Biomass to biofuel: a review on production technology, ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. S254-S262, 2012. [2] P. K. Gegg, L. C. Budd and S. G. Ison, The market development of avaition biofuel: drivers and constraints, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol. 39, pp. 34-40, 2014. [3] A. K. Azad, M. Rasul, M. Khan, S. C. Sharma and M. Hazrat, Prospect of biofuel as an alternative transport fuel in Australia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 43, pp. 331-351, March 2015. [4] N. Ravindranath, C. S. Lakshmi, R. Manuvie and P. Balachandra, Biofuel production and implications for land use, food production and environmnet in India, Energy Policy, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 5737-5745, October 2011. [5] M. A. Borowitzka and N. R. Moheimani, Sustainable biofuels from algae, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 13-25, January 2013. [6] J. Singh and S. Gu, Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2596-2610, 2010. [7] Y. Chisti, Constraints to commercialization of algal fuels, Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 201-214, September 2013. [8] T. L. DeVault, J. L. Belant, B. F. Blackwell, J. A. Martin, J. A. Schmidt, L. W. Burger Jr and J. W. Patterson Jr, Airports offer Unrealized Potential for Alternative Energy Production, Environmental Management, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 517-522, March 2012. [9] G. Markou and E. Nerantzis, Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels production: A review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions, Biotechnology Advances, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1532-1542, December 2013. [10] B. Singh, A. Guldhe, I. Rawat and F. Bux, Towards a sustainable approach for development of biodiesel from plant and microalgae, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 216-245, January 2014.

The Trials Of Toilet Training :: essays research papers fc

The Trials of Toilet Training Toilet training is difficult for both parent and child. Based on the research of two psychologists, Nathan Azrin and Richard Foxx, the average child can be fully trained in less than four hours. They began their training with mentally handicapped adults and successfully taught 95% in three days. With the added emphasis on language and verbal rehearsal they attempted to teach children and were astounded at the results. Their methods eliminate the fear damaging the child's psyche by making toilet training a pleasant experience. The child is not simply toilet "trained", he is toilet "educated", that is, the complete process from knowing it's time to emptying the pot and flushing the waste down, all unsupervised. Any parent would agree, this is incredible. They use a combination of the same principals used in Practical Applications of Psychology. The overall objective is to teach the child to toilet himself with the same independence as an adult without the need for reminders, continued praise, or assistance. This method is rapid because of the variety of learning techniques. Learning by imitation, learning by teaching, a partial reinforcement schedule with rewards that increase the need and the negative reinforcement of disapproval are all employed. Children learn best by imitation and teaching with the aid of a hollow doll. The child gives the doll a drink then is told the doll has to "peepee" and he must help her. After the child assists in removing the doll's pants, the liquid is released. The child must observe the flow of liquid. into the potty chair. The adult and the child then praise the doll and the child then assists the doll in redressing and emptying the pot in the standard toilet and flushes. Then the child is instructed to ask is the doll is dry and feel her pants. If they are dry the doll gets a treat. The child is then asked if he is dry; if he is, he can then eat the doll's treat. After two or three drills, distract the child and cause and 'accident' by spilling some liquid on the doll's pants. When the child discovers the wetness, use instructions and guidance to help the child correct the doll. First, let the doll know he is displeased, "Big girls don't wet their pants." Second, the child helps the doll practice again on the potty then back to the scene of the accident. Since the pants will still be wet, this can be continued three times. Then have the child feel his own pants, and if they are dry he is rewarded with

Communicative Language Teaching

Q1) Write about your past formal or informal language learning experiences (any which is not your first language). Would you consider them to be effective or ineffective? Give reasons for your answer. A) I had just passed my 4th std and was on vacations to a remote village in Karnataka where my mother was posted as a headmistress for a government primary school. I had no plans of leaving my mother and returning with my father to belgaum and continue with my school . Nevertheless I was cajoled into coming back , that was in mid july , and by then it was a month and a half since my school had re-opened. I was in for a rude surprise as a language had been included into our curriculum. I came across a very terse looking gentleman who turned out to be our hindi teacher. My real troubles began when I was asked to give my introduction as I was a latecomer. My hindi teacher gave me an earful for not attending the previous classes and asked me to be very careful henceforth. The classes had begun quite early and I was way behind. My classmates had learnt the consonants and vowels by heart . I could not recognize a single alphabet, the script was alien to me, it was in devanagari . I was in tears and very miserable as I was punished for not being able to answer anything nor read from the text book. The next few days went by and then one fine morning my hindi teacher condescended to help me in grasping the new language. He sat by me on my bench and taught me the hindi alphabets one by one . I felt encouraged and started taking interest and slowly and gradually I learnt to read and write. We were given words with their English meaning which were to be memorized by us. This memorization turned out to be a building block in my endeavour of acquiring vocabulary and fluency in the language. I went on to score the highest in the class. I participated in debates, wrote essays ,memorized the dohas and their summaries, so on and so forth and went on scoring high for the rest of my school days. I became his favourite pupil and gained my self respect as well. And the person who made it all possible was my hindi teacher who was very sincere, dedicated and devoted towards his profession and his pupils . He was sensitive to every student’s needs and used very innovative methods. He was always at hand to clear any doubt, explain anything or answer any question. He made us feel very comfortable but was very strict about the home assignments . He made the lessons interesting by his way of teaching. And I think his methods were very effective in helping us all to learn a new language. Interaction, Motivation and encouragement are the key words ,which I think and believe benefit every student in the process of learning a new language. The old school method of drilling and memorizing also does help in acquiring a vocabulary and learning grammar helps us frame sentences accurately. Q2) Why do you think the CLT has gained popularity in the language classroom? A. The CLT is a more generally accepted approach today owing to a wide variety of interpretations and classroom applications. The approach highlights distinct communicatve traits and incorporates authentic, real world simulations and meaningful tasks. B. Communicative Language Teaching can be defined as a unified yet broadly based , theoretically well informed set of doctrines about nature of language learning and teaching. C. Communicative Language Teaching highlights the social, cultural and pragmatic features of languages. It uses authentic language to a great extent in an attempt to build fluency. D. The basic characteristics of the communicative mode of teaching feature distinct digression from the previous approaches. E. In Communicative Language Teaching, the grammatical, functional, socio-linguistic and strategic discourse components are at their best possible interplay. The techniques are utilitarian and driven towards fulfillment of individual purposes. F. Fluency and accuracy are complementary principles that alternatively acquire high degree of importance. G. Productive and contextualized communication is necessarily the goal and the students need to towards this goal through the development of appropriate strategies for autonomous learning. The teacher here is the facilitator who is supposed to facilitate authentic linguistic interaction and encourage meaningful construction of language. H. The functional aspects like fluency and spontaneity displace overt presentation and discussion of grammatical rules and concentrate on the learner’s initiative in CLT. Hence ,the communicative approach stresses the importance of language functions( such as, agreeing, inviting , suggesting etc)as opposed to reliance only on grammar vocabulary. This approach also suggests that if students have enough exposure to the language and the opportunity to use it then language learning would in effect , take care of itself. Activities in CLT typically require students to use the language in real life situations, so role-play and simulation have become popular with this method. CLT places far more emphasis on completion of the task then the accuracy of the language

Private School Uniforms and Dress Codes

Private School Uniforms and Dress Codes When you think of a dress code or uniform, what comes to mind? Most people will call to mind the stereotypical images we see in media: pressed and proper uniforms at military academies, the navy blazers or sports coats with ties and slacks at boys schools, and the plaid skirts and white shirts with knee socks and dress shoes at girls schools. But is this attire actually the norm at private schools? Many private schools attribute most of their uniform traditions and dress codes back to their British public school roots. The formal starched collars and tails worn by Eton College boys are world-famous, but they are hardly typical of a normal school uniform these days. Much more common is a looser dress code consisting of the ubiquitous blazer, white shirt, school tie, slacks, socks and black shoes; or the option of wearing dresses, or a blazer and blouse with slacks or skirts  are pretty much standard for girls. What is the difference between a uniform and dress code? The very word uniform suggests the raison detre for unis as some of the private school crowd calls them. It is one specific and standard style of dress that every student wears. Some school uniforms allow for optional additions, such as sweaters or vests to wear over the uniforms. While the rules at every school will differ, some will allow students to add their own personal flair, dressing up their standard attire with scarves and other accessories, but there are typically limitations to how much can be added to the uniform. A dress code is a strict outline of acceptable attire that isnt limited to one or two options. It serves as more of a guideline rather than a rigid rule, and provides more flexibility for students. Many view dress code as an attempt to create conformity as opposed to uniformity. Dress codes can vary by school and range from more formal dress codes requiring specific colors and limited choices of attire, to more flexible options that may simply prohibit certain forms of attire.   Why Do Schools Have Uniforms and Dress Codes? Many schools have implemented uniforms and dress codes for both practical and social reasons. Practically speaking, a standardized uniform allows a child to get by with a minimum amount of clothing. You have your everyday wear and then a Sunday best outfit for more formal occasions. A uniform often serves as a marvelous equalizer of social status. It matters not whether you are the Earl of Snowdon or the son of the local green grocer  when you don that uniform. Everybody looks the same. Uniformity rules. Do uniforms improve test scores and enhance discipline? Long Beach Unified School District, back in the 90s, instituted a dress code policy for its students. Proponents of the policy claimed that the dress code created a climate for education which led to improved test scores and better discipline. Research may vary on this, and responses from parents often differs from teachers, with parents (and students) arguing for more flexibility for personal style and expression, while teachers are often largely supportive of uniforms and dress codes because of the perceived improvements in both student performance and behavior. That said, private schools generally create a climate for learning more consistently than public schools do, to begin with. Uniforms and dress codes are just one part of the formula for success. The real secret to success is consistently enforcing rules and regulations. Hold students accountable and you will see results. What About Teachers Dress Codes? Most private schools also have dress codes for teachers. While the guidelines for adults may not mirror that of students, they are often similar, engaging faculty members in modeling good behavior and dressing best practices.   What Happens When You Disregard the Uniform or Dress Code? Now, we all know that students of any age have their ways of getting around dress code requirements. The slacks have a way of becoming a bit baggier than the school regulations intended. The shirts tend to hang out below the oversize jacket. Skirts seem to shrink overnight. This can be difficult for schools to enforce, and infractions can result in varying responses, ranging from verbal reminders to detention and even formal disciplinary action for repeated offenders.

A Solution to the Growing Gas Prices in the United States.

A Solution to the Growing Gas Prices in the United States. Gasoline prices have been taking a sharp turn towards the worse. According to Hawaiigasprices.com, in Hawaii, gasoline can cost as much as three dollars and ninety four cents; in nineteen ninety-eight it was one dollar, seventy five cents. The recent spike has caused financial hardships and gas itself has had numerous harmful effects towards the environment. To resolve this problem, I urge you: Senators, to at least carefully consider the need for a resolution, but hopefully to pass my legislation for these reasons:(1) Gas prices have hit record highs in the past years.(2) The increasingly high gas prices are causing immediate financial difficulties.(3) The environmental tolls will over time have an extremely dangerous effect on society.As said before gasoline has been hitting record highs, and recent happenings (such as the shutting down of oil harbors in New Orleans and the continuing difficulties of the War in Iraq) have even further added to the financial burden of the people of the American society.Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions for municip...Just over half of the people surveyed in an ABC News Poll say that they are having these financial problems, and, magnifying the apparent decay of the economy, forty five percent of people say they're spending less and twenty one percent say they are having to resort to saving less, both in which will overtime damage the economy even faster. However, according to Iowa Corn, if the switch to E-85 is made, it is expected that over the next fifteen years, three hundred thousand new jobs could be created through the Ethanol base. Also, if a slow transition is made (one or two years rather than months) it should give foreign countries whose economy depends on oil sales to the United States adequate time to plan and begin working on other possible exports...

Information Processing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Information Processing Theory - Research Paper Example   Therefore, the system of information processing of a person may be advanced when rules and preceptors are altered. This theory is, therefore, a system of theoretical frameworks addressing how information is received, thought about, modified mentally and remembered, and the manner in which such process of cognitive changes in the course of development. The theory involves components such as working memory, sensory register, and long-term memory. New information is received by the sensory register, processed at the working memory, and transferred to long-term memory. In his article, Thadani refers to these components as rehearsal, attention, and elaboration. Without these factors, people will not be able to understand, perceive, use and remember anything got every day.The information processing model follows a fixed structure of components as mentioned in the above paragraph. The structure of the model is as follows:†¢ The store model: this states that any information received can be kept at any unit of processing or channels it goes through. These channels are short term memory, sensory register and long-term memory.†¢ The sensory register: this makes part of the unit of mental processing receiving all information which is then stored permanently or temporarily.†¢ Short-term memory: this is a part of sensory register in which information can be temporarily stored. The information is then transferred to long-term memory once a decision has been made concerning such information. Long term memory: this is where information is stored permanently. Such information can be recovered as need arises. The use and application of information processing theory is something seen in our daily learning. The use and application of this theory can be explained as follows; at any given point when people perceive information, encode, store, retrieve, or represent information, it’s taken as thinking. Where a dilemma or problem arises, people must always encode critical information on the dilemma and then the stored information can be used in solving the dilemma. The steps involved include encoding, automization, strategy construction and

Funding Healthcare System, Sharing Risk and Portfolio Theory Thesis

Funding Healthcare System, Sharing Risk and Portfolio Theory - Thesis Example 10). These processes are vital for the policy makers as well as planners who often face challenges in designing health care funding systems towards meeting the specific social, economics, and political objectives. Many countries are ever under constant pressure in issues related to social policies since they often experience increased expenditure and scarce resources. Nonetheless, the policy makers must analyze the following three options: increasing health care funding and containing costs or both. The heath care funding and expenditure crisis have introduced radical changes in the organizational and funding mechanisms within the health care sectors (Grossman, 2011; pg. 12). Since the 1970s, the cost containment is the principal driving factor in the discussion of the health care policies especially in the industrialized nations. Despite the underlying challenges in funding health care systems, an articulated and a well balance budget will provide sufficient revenue towards managing health care systems. Notably, nations have restrained themselves from bulk revenue borrowing; otherwise, economies have shift to sound economic policies with focus on revenue policies. Can these changes produce sufficient and sustainable health care funding systems? Literature Review Government or associated organizations often pay the bulk of the funding of the health care services. The major part of these funds is generated from the tax collected from the citizens of such nations. For instance, in the United Kingdom has a single payer system that governs its healthcare systems (Grossman, 2011; pg. 72). The UK taxation and health care funding system take funds directly from the government to the health care systems. In other nations like Germany and France, the government collect tax from the citizens and only fund part of the health care systems towards paying individuals and employees among other involved costs. In other nations such as America, a certain portion of the health c are system is often market based. In the market based funding systems, the health care systems are paid for by the private entities including employers and individuals. Moreover, the market-based systems require governments to provide health care to the vulnerable persons (Elton and Gruber, 1999). For example, in the United States, it is the responsibility of the federal government to fund health care systems towards supporting the disable and the elderly through its federal supported Medicaid program. On the other hand, the federal and state supported Medicaid program aims at covering the health care services for the low-income earners. These two different health care funding approaches have their different distinct applicability within the health care sector. Individuals and private organizations generally deliver the market-based systems. Moreover, a part of the systems is usually subjected to a certain level of competition. Market base funding systems is often open to many suppl iers, providers, and payers as well as persons with insurance that aims at serving their specific medical needs (Glied and Smith, 2011). In such funding mechanisms, doctors may be given a benefit of practice as a guideline that direct them of when and what different treatment to be applied; however, they are ever free in making care decisions depending on

Discuss the diversity of young children's experiences of language and Essay

Discuss the diversity of young children's experiences of language and literacy at home. To what extent can there be a match be - Essay Example 4). Since the mind is believed to be a blank slate, the culture or the behavior prevalent in the child’s surroundings may affect the way he learns language. The infant can learn through social interaction and transmitted learning, which is largely behavioral in a sense that what he observes dictate the way he learns language. However, the behaviorist theories on language were criticized by Noam Chomsky saying that the mind is already structured and that language learning is highly psychological through his theory of Universal Grammar. Chomsky believes that children’s language acquisition is â€Å"closely tied to the theory of the mental mechanisms children use in acquiring language† (Pinker, n.d.). A part of the brain which Chomsky called â€Å"learning acquisition device† is part of the â€Å"human genetic endowment† which makes the person involuntarily and innately learn his natural language (Kellog, 1997, p. 242). If Chomsky’s theory shoul d be followed, there would be no formal pattern as to how children learn how to talk, since they do it â€Å"their† way and not because of behavioral ‘patterns.’ Since each child is unique in his way of learning the language, there could be no one way to teach it nor there is one process which stood above all others in terms of effectiveness and accuracy. Children are born with their own facet of learning the language and the environment’s role is just to aid the development of language learning through experience; the idea of Chomsky reveals to be more relevant if basing on the effectiveness of teaching strategies following such principle. Language Learning in the Early Years One of the most unique characteristics of humans apart from other animals is the use of language in many ways, aside from communication. Through language, people were able to build civilizations with sophisticated culture and arts which were innovated by the present age for utility a nd fashion. Truly, human’s leap towards the development of language leads them to discover more about themselves and their surroundings. The transformation of language is magnificent, but what truly is amazing is how people learn the language in the early years of life considering that babies are born without a language. This idea wonders linguists from different times; they explored a human’s language development and made theories about it, but still, no absolute principle is governing the process of language acquisition. Bock (2005) revealed more interesting findings about babies and their language. She reported the findings of Patricia Kuhl, a university professor, found out that the babies’ mind is set by birth to distinguish different sounds that they have â€Å"no trouble hearing distinctions and sorting out sounds† (Bock, 2005, p. 4). The same claim was made five years earlier through an experimental research by Professor Peter Eimas of Brown Unive rsity. In the experiment, Professor Eimas took advantage of the baby’s habit of sucking. The baby subject, Jean-Paul, is French exposed to French culture and language. The recorded sound pattern of his sucking became the basis of comparison along the process. When he was initially exposed to the Russian language, he sucked the rubber nipple more vigorously and began to subside as he tend to ‘get bored’ with the Russian sound. When the researcher exposed him back to the French language, he showed